Free Surface 3D (FS3D)

FS3D uses the Volume-of-Fluid (VOF) method to describe multiphase flow. The different phases are represented by additional field variables. In the case of a two phase flow, only one variable f is needed that can take per definition always values between 0 and 1. Based on this f distribution, the PLIC (piecewise linear interface calculation) method is used to reconstruct the actual interface.

• Grouping phenomena in droplet streams
• Droplet oscillation
• Droplet wall, droplet-droplet and droplet-film interaction
• Droplet impact on structured surface/wall
• Droplet particle collision
• Splashing
• Heat and mass transfer in severely deformed drops
• Jet breakup
• Rising bubbles
• Turbulent inflow generation
• Droplet evaporation
• Droplet freezing process
• Multicomponent droplet
• Raindrops

• M. Ibach, K. Schulte, V. Vaikuntanathan, A. Arad, D. Katoshevski, J. Greenberg, and B. Weigand, “Direct Numerical Simulations of Grouping Effects in Droplet Streams Using Different Boundary Conditions,” in ICLASS 2021, 15th Triennial International Conference on Liquid Atomization and Spray Systems, 2021, vol. Edinburgh, UK, 29 Aug.-2 Sept. 2021. doi: https://doi.org/10.2218/iclass.2021.5815.
• J. Steigerwald, M. Ibach, J. Reutzsch, and B. Weigand, “Towards the Numerical Determination of the Splashing Threshold of Two-component Drop Film Interactions,” High Performance Computing in Science and Engineering ’20. Springer, 2020.
• J. Reutzsch, G. Raja Kochanattu, M. Ibach, C. Kieffer-Roth, S. Tonini, G. Cossali, and B. Weigand, “Direct Numerical Simulations of Oscillating Liquid Droplets: a Method to Extract Shape Characteristics,” ILASS-Europe 2019, 29th Conference on Liquid Atomization and Spray Systems, vol. Paris, France, 2019.
• Fest-Santini, S., Steigerwald, J., Santini, M., Cossali, G. E., & Weigand, B. (2021). Multiple drops impact onto a liquid film: Direct numerical simulation and experimental validation. Computers & Fluids, 214, 104761.
• Ren, W., Reutzsch, J., & Weigand, B. (2020). Direct Numerical Simulation of Water Droplets in Turbulent Flow. Fluids, 5(3), 158.
• Reutzsch, J., Kieffer-Roth, C., & Weigand, B. (2020). A consistent method for direct numerical simulation of droplet evaporation. Journal of Computational Physics, 413, 109455.
• Loureiro, D. D., Reutzsch, J., Kronenburg, A., Weigand, B., & Vogiatzaki, K. (2020). Primary breakup regimes for cryogenic flash atomization. International Journal of Multiphase Flow, 132, 103405.
• Baggio, M., & Weigand, B. (2019). Numerical simulation of a drop impact on a superhydrophobic surface with a wire. Physics of Fluids, 31(11), 112107.
• Reitzle, M., Ruberto, S., Stierle, R., Gross, J., Janzen, T., & Weigand, B. (2019). Direct numerical simulation of sublimating ice particles. International Journal of Thermal Sciences, 145, 105953.
• Ruberto, S., Reutzsch, J., Roth, N., & Weigand, B. (2017). A systematic experimental study on the evaporation rate of supercooled water droplets at subzero temperatures and varying relative humidity. Experiments in Fluids, 58(5), 55.
• Ertl, M., & Weigand, B. (2017). Analysis methods for direct numerical simulations of primary breakup of shear-thinning liquid jets. Atomization and Sprays, 27(4).
• Reitzle, M., Kieffer-Roth, C., Garcke, H., & Weigand, B. (2017). A volume-of-fluid method for three-dimensional hexagonal solidification processes. Journal of Computational Physics, 339, 356-369.
• Eisenschmidt, K., Ertl, M., Gomaa, H., Kieffer-Roth, C., Meister, C., Rauschenberger, P., ... & Weigand, B. (2016). Direct numerical simulations for multiphase flows: An overview of the multiphase code FS3D. Applied Mathematics and Computation, 272, 508-517.
• Rauschenberger, P., & Weigand, B. (2015). A Volume-of-Fluid method with interface reconstruction for ice growth in supercooled water. Journal of Computational Physics, 282, 98-112.
• Rauschenberger, P., Criscione, A., Eisenschmidt, K., Kintea, D., Jakirlić, S., Tuković, Ž., ... & Tropea, C. (2013). Comparative assessment of Volume-of-Fluid and Level-Set methods by relevance to dendritic ice growth in supercooled water. Computers & fluids, 79, 44-52.
• Zhu, C., Ertl, M., & Weigand, B. (2013). Numerical investigation on the primary breakup of an inelastic non-Newtonian liquid jet with inflow turbulence. Physics of Fluids, 25(8), 083102.
• Schlottke, J., Straub, W., Beheng, K. D., Gomaa, H., & Weigand, B. (2010). Numerical investigation of collision-induced breakup of raindrops. Part I: Methodology and dependencies on collision energy and eccentricity. Journal of Atmospheric Sciences, 67(3), 557-575.
• Sander, W., & Weigand, B. (2008). Direct numerical simulation and analysis of instability enhancing parameters in liquid sheets at moderate Reynolds numbers. Physics of Fluids, 20(5), 053301.
• Schlottke, J., & Weigand, B. (2008). Direct numerical simulation of evaporating droplets. Journal of Computational Physics, 227(10), 5215-5237.
• Gotaas, C., Havelka, P., Jakobsen, H. A., Svendsen, H. F., Hase, M., Roth, N., & Weigand, B. (2007). Effect of viscosity on droplet-droplet collision outcome: Experimental study and numerical comparison. Physics of fluids, 19(10), 102106.
• Hase, M., & Weigand, B. (2004). Transient heat transfer of deforming droplets at high Reynolds numbers. International Journal of Numerical Methods for Heat & Fluid Flow.
• Rieber, M., & Frohn, A. (1999). A numerical study on the mechanism of splashing. International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow, 20(5), 455-461.